A-Level Sociology (AQA)

Topic Summaries

Stratification and differentiation

Ethnic inequality

  • Racialised underclass: (👥 Rex and Mason, 1986) ethnic minorities experience dual disadvantage in class and status, leading to marginalisation.
    • Lacks focus on differences between minority groups.
  • Reserve army of labour: (👥 Castles and Kosack, 1974) ethnic minorities are used to fill low-paid jobs during booms and discarded during recessions, dividing the working class.
    • May overstate the passivity of minorities.
  • Intersectionality: (👤 Crenshaw, 1989) inequalities of class, gender, and race intersect to create unique disadvantages.
    • Hard to operationalise intersectional analysis in research.

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