A-Level Sociology (AQA)

Topic Summaries

Global development

Political globalisation

  • 👤 Giddens (1990): globalisation challenges national sovereignty.
  • 👥 Held et al. (1999): power of the state diluted by international organisations like the UN, IMF, and WTO.
    • Can increase cooperation but also limit national self-determination
Measure What it captures Strengths Limitations
GNI per capita (PPP) Income adjusted for cost of living Simple, comparable globally Ignores inequality and non-income factors
HDI (UNDP) Live expectancy, education, and income Multidimensional, makes it easy to rank countries Masks inequalities within countries
MPI (UNDP – OPHI) Deprivations in health, education, and living standards Provides household-level insights Data-intensive, subjective indicators
Gini Coefficient Inequality in income or consumption Single measure for inequality Does not show shape of distribution
Corruption Perceptions Index (TI) Perceived public sector corruption Useful governance indicator Measures perceptions, not actual corruption

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