A-Level Sociology (AQA)

Topic Summaries

Global development

Policies related to global development

Policy Aim Impact Evaluation
Macroeconomic stabilisation Maintain currency stability, reduce inflation, balance budgets Currency devaluation, interest rate adjustments, public spending caps Can reduce growth and increase unemployment in short term
Trade liberalisation Increase global trade participation Removal of tariffs, joining free trade agreements, export promotion Risk of dependency on volatile export markets and loss of local industries
Privatisation Transfer state-owned enterprises to private sector Selling state telecoms, utilities, and transport companies Can lead to job losses, higher prices, loss of public control
Industrial policy Encourage industrial growth and diversification Special Economic Zones (SEZs), targeted subsidies for manufacturing, infrastructure investment May benefit elites and create regional inequality
Social protection Reduce vulnerability and improve living standards Conditional cash transfers, food subsidies, pensions, unemployment benefits High fiscal cost, possible dependency on aid
Human capital development Build a skilled and healthy workforce Universal primary education, vocational training, healthcare expansion May be unevenly distributed and benefit urban areas more
Rural development Reduce rural poverty and improve livelihoods Land reform, irrigation schemes, rural electrification Can be undermined by corruption or poor maintenance
Environmental sustainability Reduce environmental degradation and adapt to climate change Renewable energy incentives, afforestation, water conservation projects May slow industrial growth if not paired with green technology
Governance reform Improve institutions, transparency, and accountability Anti-corruption agencies, decentralisation, judicial reform Political resistance, elite capture of benefits

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