Development factors

Development factors

Employment:
- Formal jobs bring security
- Informality dominates in many regions; women concentrated in precarious work
  - Labour standards and upgrading matter.
Education:
- Raises productivity and agency
- Functionalists stress skills whereas Neo-Marxists stress reproduction
  - Outcomes depend on quality and equity.
Health:
- Public health and universal coverage amplify human capital
- North–South gaps persist
  - Preventive spend has high ROI.
Demography:
- Youth bulges shift labour markets and politics
- Demographic transition model explains transitions
  - Leverage dividends with jobs and education.
Gender:
- Inequality cuts GDP and human development
- Empowerment through schooling, land rights, finance, and representation
  - Intersectionality shapes impact.

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