GCSE Combined Science (AQA)

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Protons, Electrons & Neutrons

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Atomic structure and the periodic table A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes

Protons, Electrons & Neutrons

5:16 Atomic Structure
Spec 4.1.1.4 4.1.1.5
Previous Atomic Nucleus and Shells Next Atomic Number & Mass Number
  • Atoms consist of a dense central nucleus surrounded by electrons in shells.
  • The nucleus is made of subatomic particles called protons and neutrons.
  • Electrons are subatomic particles found in shells around the nucleus.
  • Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons are in the outer shells.
  • All nuclei contain protons; most contain neutrons, but some, like hydrogen, may not.
  • Subatomic particles have very small masses, often measured relative to a proton.
  • Protons and neutrons have a relative mass of one, while electrons have a negligible mass.
  • 99% of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus due to protons and neutrons.
  • Protons have a positive charge (+1), neutrons are neutral (0), and electrons have a negative charge (-1).
  • Atoms have the same number of electrons as protons, resulting in no overall electrical charge.
  • In a carbon atom, six protons (+6) and six electrons (-6) cancel each other out, resulting in a neutral charge.

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