GCSE Combined Science (AQA)

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Ionisation

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Atomic structure Atoms and nuclear radiation

Ionisation

3:17 Radioactive Acivity
Spec 4.4.2.1
Previous Radioactive Activity Next Alpha Particles
  • Radiation can ionize atoms by removing or adding electrons.
  • Ionization gives an atom a charge.
  • A neutral atom has electrons orbiting a central nucleus.
  • An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons and can be released by an unstable nucleus.
  • Alpha particles have a strong positive charge due to their protons.
  • Alpha particles can pull electrons out of orbit due to electrostatic attraction, forming positive ions.
  • Ionization can be demonstrated using a gold leaf electroscope.
  • An electroscope consists of a metal plate connected to a rod with a charged thin gold leaf attached.
  • The gold leaf is repelled from the metal stem due to electrostatic repulsion when both are positively charged.
  • A radioactive source can ionize the air around the electroscope, producing positive and negative ions.
  • Negatively charged air particles are attracted to the electroscope, neutralizing it and causing the gold leaf to drop.
  • Ionization can cause damage to body tissues, including DNA mutations or deficiencies.
  • Radiation can harm or kill cells, acting like a bullet when hitting DNA directly.
  • Caution is necessary when handling radioactive materials.

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