GCSE Chemistry (AQA)

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Covalent Bonding

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Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

Covalent Bonding

2:05 Different types of Chemical Bonds
Spec 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.4
Previous Potable Water: Comparison of Treatments Next Ionic Bonding Diagrams
  • Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metallic elements and in compounds of non-metals.
  • Common examples of substances with covalent bonding: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and diamond.
  • A covalent bond occurs when atoms share pairs of electrons.
  • Example: Two hydrogen atoms each with one electron in their outer shells can combine to form an H2 molecule.
  • Shared pair of electrons between hydrogen atoms creates a covalent bond.
  • Atoms share electrons to gain a stable full outer shell.
  • Covalent compounds are held together by the attraction between the nuclei of each atom and the shared pair of electrons.
  • Covalent bonds are strong due to the strong forces of attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei.
  • More than one pair of electrons can be shared, forming multiple covalent bonds.
  • Single bond: One pair of electrons shared (e.g., hydrogen molecule).
  • Double bond: Two pairs of electrons shared (e.g., oxygen molecule).
  • Triple bond: Three pairs of electrons shared (e.g., nitrogen molecule).

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