GCSE Chemistry (AQA)

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Covalent Bonding Diagrams

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Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

Covalent Bonding Diagrams

7:33 Covalent Bonding and Simple Covalent Structure Properties
Spec 4.2.1.4
Previous Advanced Ionic Formulae Next Properties of Small Molecules
  • Simple covalent molecules can be represented using dot and cross diagrams.
  • Example: Hydrogen molecule (H2) with a single covalent bond.
  • Shared bonding pair of electrons are shown where circles intersect.
  • Electrons from one atom are usually dots, and crosses for the other.
  • Chlorine molecule (Cl2) also has a single covalent bond.
  • Lone pairs of electrons not involved in bonding must be drawn.
  • Ensure all electrons in the outer shell are shown, not just the shared pair.
  • Full outer shells indicate stability.
  • Sometimes inner shells are shown in dot and cross diagrams.
  • Dot and cross diagrams can be drawn without showing the shells.
  • Covalent bonds can be represented by lines in structural formulas.
  • Example: Hydrogen chloride (HCl) with a single covalent bond.
  • Water (H2O) has two single covalent bonds.
  • Oxygen molecule (O2) has a double covalent bond.
  • Nitrogen molecule (N2) has a triple covalent bond.
  • Molecular formulas can be determined from diagrams.
  • Example: Ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) molecular formulas.

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