Spelling changes in verb stems

Some Spanish verbs change their spelling in certain forms to keep the original sound consistent with pronunciation rules. These spelling changes usually occur in the first person singular (yo) or the third person singular/plural in the preterite tense, present, or other forms where the spelling affects pronunciation.
Examples:
- escoger → yo escojo
- buscar → yo busqué
- empezar → yo empecé
- llegar → yo llegué
- leer → él leyó, ellos leyeron
Some Spanish -ir verbs (like dormir, pedir, preferir) change a little bit in the past tense (preterite), but only in the third person (he/she/ they). These small changes happen in the middle of the word (the stem) – it’s like a vowel swap where ‘o’ becomes ‘u’ and ‘e’ becomes ‘i’. For example:
- Dormir (to sleep) → change ‘o’ to ‘u’
  - Yo dormí (I slept)
  - Tú dormiste (You slept)
  - El/ella/usted durmió (He/she/you (formal) slept)
  - Ellos durmieron (They slept)
- Pedir (to ask for) → change ‘e’ to ‘i’
  - Yo pedí (I asked.)
  - Tú pediste. (You asked)
  - El/ella/usted pidió (He/she/you (formal) asked)
  - Ellos pidieron (They asked)
- Preferir (to prefer) → change ‘e’ to ‘i’
  - Yo preferí (I preferred)
  - Tú preferiste (You preferred)
  - El/ella/usted prefirió (He/she/you (formal) preferred)
  - Ellos prefirieron (They preferred)

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