Functions of automated systems

Data acquisition: sensors collect real-world data (e.g. temperature, motion) and convert it into digital signals for processing.
Processing and decision-making: a controller analyses data using programmed logic to make decisions (e.g. ‘If temp. < 18°C, turn on heater’).
Control: sends signals to actuators to perform actions (e.g. a greenhouse system waters plants when soil is dry).
Communication: transfers data and commands between components or to/ from users (e.g. smart thermostat sends temperature data to a mobile app).
Feedback and adaptation: the system monitors the effects of its actions using sensors. It may adjust behaviour based on feedback as closed-loop control (e.g. cruise control in a car adjusts speed based on terrain/incline).

Smart heating system
Component	Role
Temperature sensor	Measures room temperature
Microprocessor	Decides if heating is needed
Actuator (heater)	Turns on/off heating
Network connection	Allows user to control via an app
HMI	Mobile interface for the user
Feedback loop	Monitors if the room reaches desired temperature

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