Marxism

Marxism

Marxism: sees society as based on conflict between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and working class (proletariat) under capitalism.
Marxists see social mobility as limited under capitalism because inequality is structural.
- 👤 Althusser (1970): institutions (e.g. media, education) are ideological state apparatuses that reproduce ruling-class ideology.
- 👤 Hall (1978): moral panics about crime, like the ‘black mugger’, are used to divert attention from crises in capitalism and to divide the working class.
- 👥 Castles and Kosack (1973): ethnic minorities are used as a reserve army of labour to keep wages low and divide workers.
  - Overemphasises class
  - Underplays gender, ethnicity, and agency

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